As is widely known, the general principle is that the South African Revenue Service (Sars) may not reopen an income tax assessment after three years have expired since the date of issue.
This is colloquially referred to as “prescription”. In the case of self-assessment, such as VAT and PAYE declarations by employers, the period is five years.
However, the Tax Administration Act, 2011 does allow Sars to ignore prescription, where there is an amount that was not assessed for tax and the full amount of tax chargeable was not assessed due to fraud, misrepresentation or non-disclosure of material facts.
In the case of self-assessment, the requirements are stricter in that there must be fraud, intentional or negligent misrepresentation, intentional or negligent non-disclosure of material facts, or the failure to submit a return (or if no return is required, the failure to make the required tax payment).
Prior to the application of the Act, the relevant rules, as far as income tax was concerned, were contained in the Income Tax Act, 1962, but the rules now are not very different to those that applied then.
This issue came up for adjudication in the Tax Court in a matter where we recently acted for a client. In that case Sars had sought to ignore prescription on the basis of non-disclosure of material facts.
While not admitting there was such non-disclosure, we enquired from Sars on behalf of the client - as is allowed in terms of the rules - how such non-disclosure caused the non-taxation, because it was common cause the tax return had never been the subject of a verification or audit by Sars during the three-year period following the issue of the assessment.
Sars’s response was that the mere fact of non-disclosure caused the non-taxation.
Being dissatisfied that this did not represent a proper response to enable our client to formulate a proper objection, an application to the Tax Court was launched to compel Sars to provide a proper reason. The outcome of that application is not of great relevance here, as it is highly technical in nature, but what is of relevance is the judge’s analysis of the provisions and how they are to be interpreted. The judge stated as follows:
“Put in simple terms, what caused Sars in its original assessment and during the period of three years thereafter not to assess the full amount of tax chargeable?
“If this came about because of the material non-disclosure, then the additional assessment is competent. If the (failure to assess the correct amount of tax chargeable) came about for other reasons such as neglect by Sars or some conduct of the taxpayer not amounting to misconduct, then the additional assessment is not competent and cannot be made.”
Interestingly, it happens that, pursuant to an audit or verification by Sars they do discover that there has been non-disclosure or misrepresentation, but the relevant information is given to Sars well within the three-year period, thereby “curing” such non-disclosure or misrepresentation.
If Sars does nothing with that information, i.e. does not reassess the taxpayer, and three years go by, once again, Sars can hardly rely on the fact that there was such “misconduct”.
Ernest Mazansky is a director and head of tax practice, Werksmans Attorneys.
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